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Over the years, the relationship between China and Africa has evolved in strikingly complex ways, particularly when it comes to military cooperation. The Cold War era marked the beginning of China’s engagement with African nations, as it sought to assert itself as a global power. But the dynamics of this relationship have shifted dramatically, as both continents today find themselves deepening defense and security partnerships, much to the concern of Western powers.
Cold War Beginnings: From Support to Conflict
During the Cold War, China was primarily motivated by ideological ambitions to expand its influence, particularly through its opposition to Western imperialism. In the 1950s and 1960s, China sought to position itself as a beacon for newly independent African states, offering support for liberation movements that sought to shake off colonial rulers​
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. For instance, Beijing gave aid to anti-colonial forces in Angola, backing the UNITA group during the Angolan Civil War. However, China’s strategic interests often collided with its African allies’ needs, leading to friction, such as when the Soviet-backed factions triumphed in Angola​
. This episode marked a temporary retreat of China’s influence in Africa, a retreat that lasted until the end of the Cold War.
Post-Cold War Resurgence: Economic and Strategic Expansion
With the collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s, China found a strategic opening to reassert itself in Africa, a region largely abandoned by both the U.S. and Russia. By the late 1990s, China had shifted its focus from ideological warfare to a more pragmatic approach of economic cooperation and resource extraction​
. This period saw China develop close ties with African countries, particularly those rich in resources like oil and minerals—vital for fueling its economic boom​
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Although China’s primary investments have been in infrastructure and trade, the 21st century has seen an increasing emphasis on military cooperation. The establishment of China’s first overseas military base in Djibouti in 2017 was a clear signal of its growing military footprint in Africa. The base provides China with a strategic position to protect its trade routes and assert its influence over the region’s stability, particularly in the face of threats from terrorism and piracy​
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United States Institute of Peace
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Modern Alliances: Shaping Africa’s Security Landscape
Today, China’s role in Africa is multifaceted. While economic relations still dominate, defense cooperation is on the rise. China has been involved in providing military training, equipment, and even peacekeeping forces for several African countries. China’s growing defense ties with nations such as Sudan, Zimbabwe, and Angola underscore its commitment to regional stability, albeit with a strategic bent aimed at securing economic interests​
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This modern military relationship is not merely about arms deals and training; it also reflects the broader shift in African geopolitics. As China expands its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which now spans multiple infrastructure projects across the continent, military cooperation aligns with China’s broader goal of securing and protecting these investments​
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United States Institute of Peace
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Western Concerns and Strategic Rivalry
For Western powers, China’s increasing military and economic footprint in Africa presents a challenge to their historical dominance. The fear of a “debt trap diplomacy”—where African nations become financially beholden to China, offering access to strategic military sites in return—has become a key point of contention in diplomatic circles​
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. While African leaders largely appreciate China’s non-interference policy and pragmatic approach to governance, the growing influence of Beijing inevitably raises alarms in Washington and Brussels.
Looking Ahead
As Africa continues to play a pivotal role in China’s global strategy, the military relationship between the two regions is set to grow, propelled by mutual interests in stability, security, and economic prosperity. While this relationship presents opportunities for African states, it also introduces new challenges, as they must balance their ties to China with the geopolitical realities of a rapidly changing global order.
